MIMO – Multiple Input and Multiple Output Wireless Communications
MIMO or Multiple-Input Multiple-Output can be referred to as the communication channel created with multiple transmitters and receivers of an antenna to improve communication’s performance. Since their initial development in the year 1990, MIMO Wireless Communications have become integral part of the most forthcoming commercial and next generation wireless data communication systems. MIMO is one among the several types of Smart Antenna Technologies. Nowadays MIMO techniques are used in different technologies such as WI-FI and LTE (long term evolution).
MIMO achieves space measurements to improve wireless systems’ capacity, range and reliability. It offers increase in the data throughput and link range without any additional bandwidth or transmitting power. MIMO antenna technology achieves this objective by spreading the same total transmit power over the antennas to accomplish an array gain that recovers the spectral efficiency (more bits per second per Hertz of bandwidth) or to achieve a diversity gain that increases the link reliability (reduced fading).
MIMO technology makes advantage of a natural radio wave phenomenon called multipath. MIMO uses multiple antennas to transfer multiple parallel data signals from a transmitter. In any urban areas, this multi path will bounce off trees, ceilings and other commercial buildings. The signals can reach their destination on their own at the receiver end in different directions.
There are different multi-antenna types that require different number of antennas, and also different levels of complexity. These types can be balanced to provide optimum solution for any kind of application
SISO: It is also named as Single-Input Single-Output which means that the transmitter and receiver of the radio system have only one antenna. SISO is a simple single variable control system which is less complex than the MIMO systems. This system doesn’t require any additional processing or diversity.
SIMO: The SIMO or Single-Input Multiple-Outputs means the transmitter has single antenna and the receiver has multiple antennas. This is also known as receiving diversity, and it is applicable in many applications. There are two types of SIMOs based on specifications like size, cost and battery drain and they are:
Switched Diversity SIMO: This switched diversity SIMO looks for the strongest signal and switches to that antenna compared to the weakest antenna.
Maximum Ratio Combining SIMO: This type of system takes both signals from the antenna and sums them to give a combination. The signals from both the antennas contribute to the overall signal.
MISO: The MISO or Multiple-Inputs Single-Output is also termed as transmit diversity. This transmitter has multiple antennas, and the receiver has only one antenna. The advantage with this system is that it has multiple antennas and the redundancy coding is moved from the receiver to the transmitter. It also creates a positive impact based on the size, price and life of the battery.
MIMO: MIMO is also termed as Multiple-Inputs Multiple-Outputs. MIMO is also used to provide improvement in both channel robustness and as well as channel throughput. MIMO means both transmitter and receiver have multiple antennas.
Types of MIMO system
1. Single-User MIMO (SU-MIMO): Single-user MIMO can be defined as increase in the data rate for a single user equipment (UE).
2. Multi-User MIMO (MU-MIMO): If the industrial streams are allocated to numerous users, this is known as multi-user MIMO. This MIMO mode is mostly useful in the uplink based on the complexity placed on the user equipment side, and it can be kept to a minimum range by using only one antenna. This MIMO is also known as Collaborative MIMO.
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