I also find the lack of profile picture extremely annoying. This very basic feature seems to have been discarded by Samsung. I think it's a conscious design choice rather than a lapse.
The only solution is to use a third party calling app that does have this feature. Like Google Phone or True Phone. True Phone has some ads but it's a lot more user friendly. Google Phone is more elegant but the new MaterialU design takes some getting used to.
PS: True Phone also does not support video calls. So you'll have to use True Phone for dialling and also pick Samsung's calling screen as the default.
